The Nature of Psychology Essay examples -- essays research papers

The Nature of Psychology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychology is the scientific study and practical application of observable behavior and mental processes of organisms. Psychology differs from other social sciences such as: Sociology, History, or Economics, because psychology specifically deals with the study of an individual. The other social sciences will study groups, or history. Psychology is less a science of reported findings, it attempts asks and answers questions using observable behavior and what can be determined as mental processes of the subject. The symbol for psychology is the Greek letter â€Å"psi† (Ø). The subject matter of psychology is, affect, behavior, and cognition. The affect for psychology is the actual mental processes that make up: moods, feeling, and emotional state. An example for affect would be feeling sad about something happening. Behavior includes the actually actions and responses of organisms. Behavior can include the way we act in any given situation, for example when we get up in the morning. The order in the way we prepare ourselves for going out into public can be categorized as our behavior. Cognition is the actual mental events and the processes that result from them. Memories of an event are a great example of an organism’s cognition. The components and corresponding faces of psychology include the body of knowledge which is considered the teaching face, set of investigative methods or research face, and array of techniques the therapy face. The goals of psychology are: to explain behaviors, to describe behaviors, to predict behavior, and to modify inappropriate behaviors. Explaining behaviors would be a question similar to â€Å"Why does this happen?†, and example of how describing behavior could be accomplished would be asking â€Å"What causes this behavior, where does it come from?†. Predictions can be elaborated on by asking â€Å"When will the behavior occur?†. An example of a behavioral modification quest ion is â€Å"What can be changed in the environment to alter this behavior?†. A specialized subfield of psychology that most interests me is, Forensic Psychology, because it would be appealing to me to understand a potential criminal mind and to make the determination if the criminal was sane at the time the crime was committed or if he/she was operating with full judgment. In studying the 9/11 attack on America, a Forensic Psyc... ... level of a specific behavioral defect. After all the previous methods have been used, the use of existing data could be of help. Using existing data enables the psychologist to draw conclusions using other studies, surveys, observations, and tests to aide in the diagnose and treatment of a depressed person. A depressed person has a decrease in activity at the serotonin synapses. The independent variable would be the activity in the serotonin synapses. The dependent variable is the actual depression. In an experiment there are two types of groups: the experimental, and control groups. The experimental group is the participants who are exposed to the independent variable. The control group is the group of people who are not exposed to the independent variable, the comparison group. Three ethical concerns in psychological research experiments are: do no harm, maintain confidentiality, and the use of deception only when absolutely necessary. In a depression experiment, the do no har m would be observed by only interviewing the subject. The researcher should refrain from any activity that would cause physical, emotional, and or psychological harm to the subject(s) in any of the groups.

History of the Oil Industry :: essays research papers

Oil The oil industry has been around for many millennia now. In the Middle East oil seeped through the ground and it was used in many ways. It was used to waterproof their ships, painting, and even for light. But the rest of the world, for some time, had relied on another oil produced by whales. But overtime the modern world had slowly reverted back to using oil from the ground. As the industry of refining crude oil arose, many people started small firms. But one man had a much greater vision, John D. Rockefeller, as his strength in the oil world grew to unheard of proportions, many of the smaller Businesses were dying off. Manny people and companies started to protest Rockefeller’s enormous control of the market. Eventually, his company was forced to brake up by the United States Supreme Court. In the present, there are many oil companies and there isn’t one monopoly. These companies are finding new ways to drill for oil and also refine it more efficiently to ensure that the oil industry will stretch much further into the future. As humanity slowly started to grow into the modern civilization that it is today there were many things it needed to master. For a long time fire was the primary tool of choice, but as people grew more intelligent they began to seek new ways of lighting and energy. At first oil was used to waterproof ships, pots, and crate paintings. The Greeks had also mastered oil to create and awesome weapon from it. It was called "Greek Fire" they would compress the oil and shoot it out of a tube onto enemy ships, as it was being shoot out it was lit on fire. This caused great damage to enemy ships, but also made the Greeks seems immensely powerful. But over time, the use of oil was overshadowed by the use of whale oil. At the time it was fairly inexpensive and extremely plentiful. But over time, the demand for oil grew so large, that the wails were being over killed and the supply began to dwindle driving prices to raise immensely. As the old way of fueling their energy needs ran out, there was a search for a new way. This is where crude oil was re-introduced. To light there lamps whale oil was no longer needed, but kerosene was now being used widely.

The Wall of Friendship

â€Å"Mending Wall† by Robert Frost is a poem that talks about the relationship of two farmer neighbors as they maintained a wall between their respective areas. The persona is narrating how the wall that they have maintained has been destroyed by time, not to mention the sun and the hunters. He is also calling the attention of the neighbor for their mending time which they do every spring time. The other farmer in the poem believes that the wall serves him and his neighbor good. Good fences make good neighbors† according to him suggests that the wall symbolizes nothing else but â€Å"something† that does only serve as a barrier but also as a common wall for them to celebrate friendship and companionship. The symbolism of the wall as mentioned in the earlier paragraph is that of barrier and common wall. These two comprise factors in every person’s relationships with each other, in the poem; it is the relationship and friendship of two neighbor farmers. In e very relationship that people have, a wall is needed to as to make it harmonious. As the other farmer has said, â€Å"Good fences make good neighbors. † It is only through maintaining the wall, repairing it in case of ruin, and putting it in the right place that make relationships between people work out smoothly. In the assertion that the wall serves as a barrier in the maintenance of relationships between and among people, the persona has said that â€Å"Before I built a wall I’d ask to know/ What I was walling in or walling out,/ And to whom I was like to give offense. This line suggests that in maintaining friendship or any other relationship with people around you; you have to set boundaries and limitations. For instance, if you are neighbors, then you should recognize that the wall separates your respective houses, front yards, and backyards. In this case, each one of you needed to respect each other space as the narrator has said â€Å"He is all pine and I am apple orchard. / My apple trees will never get across/ And eat the cones under his pines, I tell him. † Finally, in the last assertion that the wall serves as a â€Å"common wall† in the maintenance of friendship, the wall refers to the common and shared experiences that the neighbors have while mending the wall. These shared and common experiences make them cultivate their relationships even more. The same thing as in any other relationship, time with each other is really necessary. The neighbors’ shared experiences make them respect each other’s part of the wall. Moreover, it made them good neighbors. â€Å"and set the wall between us as we go. To each the boulders that have fallen to each. / and some are loaves and some so nearly balls/ We have to use a spell to make them balance:/ Stay where you are until our backs are turned! / We wear our fingers rough with handling them. / Oh, just another kind of out-door game. † As a conclusion, the wall symbolizes the nice and good factors in the maintenance of every relationship every person has. The wall suggests that the important things in every relationship are barrier and commonalities as observed by the two neighbors in the poem.

Formal and Informal Communication in an Organization Essay

* Formal communication channels, follows the chain of command and is recognized as official. One way to view formal communication within organizations. * Vertical communication is the flow of information both up and down the chain of command. It involves an exchange of messages between two or more levels in the organization. When top-level managers make decisions, create strategic plans, convey directions, and so forth, they are often communicating downward. Downward communication flows from individuals in higher levels of the organization to those in lower levels. The most common forms of downward communication are meetings, official’s memos, policy statements, procedure manuals, information needed to conduct work, and company publications. Information sent downward may include new company goals, job instructions, procedures, and feedback on performance. Studies show that only 20% of an intended messages sent by top-level management is intact by the time it reaches the entry level performance. This information loss occurs for several reasons. First, managers tend to reply too heavily on written channels an avalanche of written material may cause the overload subordinate to ignore some messages. This is especially true with the glut of information stemming from e-communications. Second, the oral face-to-face message, which commands more attention and can provide immediate feedback, is often underutilized. Managers may e-mail the colleague or subordinate down the hall instead of walking over for a chat. They may e-mail a business client across town instead of picking up the phone. Experts agree that managers often forget that the best way to communicate the richest channel is face to face, with its potential for abundant feedback. Upward communication consists of messages sent up the line from subordinates to managers. Openness to ideas and inputs from people in the lower levels of the organization is often the hallmark of a healthy and enjoyable organization. Effective organizations need upward communication as much as downward communication. People at all levels can and will have ideas for organizational improvement. Plus, managers need to have accurate feedback to properly guide the entire organization. Upward communication from subordinates to managers usually falls into one of the following categories: * Personal reports of performance, problems, or concerns. Reports about others and their performance, problems, or concerns. * Reactions to organizational policies and practices. * Suggestions about what tasks need to be done and how they can be accomplished. This type of communication is frequently sent up only one level in the organization to the person’s immediate supervisor. The supervisor may send some of the information to the next higher level but usually in a modified form. Upward communication is beneficial to both the manager and the subordinate. For the manager, it is often necessary for sound decision making. Upward communication helps managers knows employees’ accomplishments’, problems, and attitudes and allows employees to make suggestions and feel that they are part of the decision making process. In addition, it provides feedback, encourages ongoing two-way communication, and indicates the subordinate, upward communication may provide a release of tensions and a sense of personal worth that may lead to a feeling of commitment to the organization. Achieving effective upward communication getting open and honest messages from employees to management is an especially difficult task. Although suggestion boxes, employees surveys, and open-door policies are often used to encourage upward communication, upper level manager are responsible for responding to messages from lower level employees. If they do not take advantage of this information, the chance to tap into a critical resource is lost. Managers need to act on feedback from subordinates and get back to the individuals who sent it if only to indicate that the suggestion cannot be carried out or that progress is being made about the problem or suggestion. The track record on effectively communicating upward is not especially positive. Even for managers, on average, less than 15% of their communications is to their supervisors. Also, when managers communicate upward, their conversations tend to be shorter than discussions with peers, and they often highlight their accomplishments’ and downplay their mistakes if the mistakes will be looked upon unfavorably. In addition, junior managers are not trained in nor do they seek needed information and pass it upward. As we discussed previously, a trusting relationship is almost a perquisite for effective communication. Trust cannot be mandated by policy or directives. It must be earned by the manager through credible behaviour and communication. Horizontal communication is the flow of information that occurs both within and between departments. Effective organizations encourage horizontal communication because it increases coordination, collaboration, and cooperation. Communication provides a means for members on the same level of an organization to share information without directly involving their supervisors. Examples include the communication that may occur between members of different departments of an organization and between coworkers in the same department. Self-managed teams create situations in which horizontal communication can flourish. In addition, more formal liaison roles may be created to support information flows. These are important to coordinate activities that support the organizational objectives. * Spontaneous communication channels the flows of communication described so far have been part of formal system used to accomplish the work of the organization. In addition to these formal channels, organizations have spontaneous channels of communication. Spontaneous channels communications are casual, opportunistic, and informal communication paths arising from the social relationships that evolve in the organization. They are neither required nor controlled by management. A term often associated with spontaneous channels is the grapevine. The grapevine is an informal method of transmitting information, depicted as the wandering of messages throughout the organization. It typically involves small clusters of people who exchange information in all directions through unsanctioned organizational channels and networks. We refer to this as peer-to-peer conversations. This communication is a useful and important for managers and employees at all levels and is used as much as the company newsletter or employee meetings. Peer-to-peer conversations may be personal, task focused, or organization focused. When people offer thoughts and guidance on personal issues or situations, it is considered personal. These discussions may not relate to strategic objectives, but they do build relationships among coworkers, which ultimately affect culture and communication effectiveness. Conversations may relate to the task. For example, coworkers discuss the day’s assignment or team projects. Or the organization may be the focus with the â€Å"inside† story on changes and company news. These spontaneous communication processes can potentially compete with or complement the formal communication system in the organization. The grapevine can be beneficial. Managers need to at least be aware of the grapevine because it is probably one of the most prevalent and reliable forms of communication. In fact, one well-known study found that approximately 80% of the information transmitted through the grapevine was correct. The remaining 20%, though, can often lead to serious trouble. As you probably know from your own experience, a story can be mainly true but still be quite misleading because essential facts are omitted or distorted. Information in the spontaneous channels is usually unverified and often includes rumours that are exaggerated and frequently wrong. To help prevent incorrect rumours, managers must keep the information that flows through informal channels accurate and rumours free. To do so, managers should share as much information as possible with employees, tell them of changes far in advance, and encourage employees to ask questions about rumours they heard. To some extent, the spontaneous channels are always present in any organization and are more than just a means of conveying corporate gossip. The information may be less official, but it is no less important for understanding the organization. Despite being pervasive, the grapevine has escaped being directly managed in most companies. Research by Crampton, Dodge, and Jitrendra found that 92% of companies had no policy to deal with the grapevine.

Coke & Pepsi in india Essay

Q1) Identify the issues that are going on in this case with respect to issues management, crisis management, global business ethics, and stakeholder management. Rank these in terms of their order of priorities for Coca-Cola and PepsiCo. Q 2) Evaluate the corporate social responsibility (CSR) of Coke and Pepsi in India. Q 3) Are these companies ignoring their responsibilities in India? Or is something else at work? Q 4) why does it seem that Coke has become a larger and more frequent target than Pepsi in India? Did having and Indian born CEO help Pepsi’s case? Q5. How do companies protect themselves against non-stop allegations from special interest groups that have made them a target? Q 6) What should the companies have done differently in 2003 to address the water allegations? What should the company now do as it moves forward? Q 7) what lessons does this case present for MNC’s doing business in the global marketplace? The following lessons can be learned from this case for MNC’s doing business in the global marketplace: Coke & Pepsi in India Q1) Identify the issues that are going on in this case with respect to issues management, crisis management, global business ethics, and stakeholder management. Rank these in terms of their order of priorities for Coca-Cola and PepsiCo. Q 2) Evaluate the corporate social responsibility (CSR) of Coke and Pepsi in India. Q 3) Are these companies ignoring their responsibilities in India? Or is something else at work? Q 4) why does it seem that Coke has become a larger and more frequent target than Pepsi in India? Did having and Indian born CEO help Pepsi’s case? Q5. How do companies protect themselves against non-stop allegations from special interest groups that have made them a target? Q 6) What should the companies have done differently in 2003 to address the water allegations? What should the company now do as it moves forward? Q 7) what lessons does this case present for MNC’s doing business in the global marketplace? The following lessons can be learned from this case for MNC’s doing business in the global marketplace: Coke & Pepsi in India Q1) Identify the issues that are going on in this case with respect to issues management, crisis management, global business ethics, and stakeholder management. Rank these in terms of their order of priorities for Coca-Cola and PepsiCo. Q 2) Evaluate the corporate social responsibility (CSR) of Coke and Pepsi in India. Q 3) Are these companies ignoring their responsibilities in India? Or is something else at work? Q 4) why does it seem that Coke has become a larger and more frequent target than Pepsi in India? Did having and Indian born CEO help Pepsi’s case? Q5. How do companies protect themselves against non-stop allegations from special interest groups that have made them a target? Q 6) What should the companies have done differently in 2003 to address the water allegations? What should the company now do as it moves forward? Q 7) what lessons does this case present for MNC’s doing business in the global marketplace? The following lessons can be learned from this case for MNC’s doing business in the global marketplace: Coke & Pepsi in India Q1) Identify the issues that are going on in this case with respect to issues management, crisis management, global business ethics, and stakeholder management. Rank these in terms of their order of priorities for Coca-Cola and PepsiCo. Q 2) Evaluate the corporate social responsibility (CSR) of Coke and Pepsi in India. Q 3) Are these companies ignoring their responsibilities in India? Or is something else at work? Q 4) why does it seem that Coke has become a larger and more frequent target than Pepsi in India? Did having and Indian born CEO help Pepsi’s case? Q5. How do companies protect themselves against non-stop allegations from special interest groups that have made them a target? Q 6) What should the companies have done differently in 2003 to address the water allegations? What should the company now do as it moves forward? Q 7) what lessons does this case present for MNC’s doing business in the global marketplace? The following lessons can be learned from this case for MNC’s doing business in the global marketplace:

Nutrition in Nursing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nutrition in Nursing - Assignment Example He is focusing only on carbs and fat which is why he is obese. All he is eating are empty calories, and the source is junk food he eats where he works. 3. Andrew must include dairy, fruits and veggies into his diet. He must be told that he would invite a lot of diseases because of his obesity which is a result of heavy carbs, starch and fat that he consumes on a daily basis. Moreover, he must do regular exercise and must focus on weight loss by eliminating or cutting down junk food from his diet. 4. Andrew’s mother is already limiting his junk food intake while he is at home, which shows that she is aware of his sedentary lifestyle. However, she must create awareness in Andrew about the hazards of obesity and junk food, and must encourage him to exercise regularly. Also, she should give him some healthy food as lunch that he may have in his lunch time rather than having junk food as

Reproductive Health as A Womans Issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reproductive Health as A Womans Issue - Essay Example Perhaps nowhere in the world today where every aspect of women’s reproductive health is heavily scrutinized than in that country. Which explains why it is worthy to take notice if such measure of improving women’s health is valid and re-examine our own stance with the arguments presented. There are two sides of the argument, according to pro-RH Bill â€Å"the reproductive health (RH) bill promotes information on and access to both natural and modern family planning methods, which are medically safe and legally permissible. It assures an enabling environment where women and couples have the freedom of informed choice on the mode of family planning they want to adopt based on their needs, personal convictions and religious beliefs. On the other side of the coin is the â€Å"the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines' Fr. Melvin Castro drew raised eyebrows when he said tubal ligation, a popular medical method involving the cutting women's Fallopian tubes to preve nt them from becoming pregnant again, is considered as a sin by the church (Philippine Daily Inquirer).