How Does Media Affect My Life

How Does Media Affect My Life? The developing industry of media and technology has flourished into a revolution. A revolution in which has embarked on plenty of opportunities for media companies to expand and give people the ability to experience a new wave of media products and communications. The affects in which the author of the novel ‘The Shallows’, Nicholas Carr, discusses throughout his own personal experiences of how media has negatively affected his life and his mentality.From reading his novel and his insight on what the Internet is really doing to our brains, I was able to contrast what Carr had said to my own perspective and connect it to experience’s I have had similar to his. Through decades, the evolution of technology has cultivated media into something so easily accessible. Thus, creating those using this technology, to be unfocused in our generation and future generations, changing ones behaviour and creating habits due to neuroplasticity, and fi nally the crave for more technology to meet our generations enthusiastic needs.In this generation, the media has provided its audiences and purchasers with the opportunities and experiences to broaden their personal horizons. Companies and industries have provided societies and people globally with many chances to explore the World Wide Web. Carr explains his insights of the Internet thoroughly throughout his first chapter ‘Hal and Me’. He explains his involvement with his first ever purchased computer and how he fell in love with the capabilities the machine provided. Carr became so involved with the computer he invested into more computers when they were first released.Carr quickly realized what his machine and Internet was actually doing to his brain years later, making him completely unfocused. He noticed specifically when trying to read through a book, and he was not the only one. I think that the media and the Internet have taken away from the generation today, an d future generations to come. The Internet has made it impossible for people like myself, to stay focused for a long period of time while reading. There are easier ways to get a hold of readings from the Internet, with websites such as SparkNotes.Students like myself have used have used the significant source of Sparknotes to gather information about books and articles. The Internet provides a variety of sources and web blogs that help people gather information, and at the same time preventing them from reading an entire book, destroying their focus. It has become a norm today to hop on the Internet and type in a weblog, not providing one with full detail, and skimming through to gain their knowledge. The human brain allows you to discover new experiences and changes in your behaviour. Neuroplacity is responsible for providing us with neural pathways that lead to constant changes.It is neuroplacity that shapes the way we think on a daily basis. We are sucked into the media in the si mplest ways, and we do not realize the major effects that it causes to our mind. The more we involve ourselves with the media technology and Internet, we become more infatuated, as it locks our brains into a certain routine. Carr describes neuroplacity as the â€Å"ability in our brain that allows us to adapt to new situations, learn new stuff, and expand our horizons† (Carr, 34) but it is the constant desire to continue the repetition that makes neuroplacity negative aspect in the media spectrum .When our brain practices certain behaviors continuously, our circuits begin to crave it more. Habits develop such as entering a topic in a search engine on Google or Yahoo. We use search engines to view articles, and access social networks, as we depend on the Internets search engine for our daily dose of communication and media. Therefore, neuroplacity is creating habits that make one crave the Internet and media technology throughout the day in a way that destroys our brain. Enthu siasts celebrate new technology, and the thought of new media being released.They are people who believe that the Internet is only making our culture better in a positive way, indicating it is â€Å"a ‘democratization’ of culture† (Carr, 2). Globally our culture today has become full of enthusiasts, who crave the thought of new media and technology. It is common for people to be excited about the latest phones being released and new updates on websites. Our technology has changed drastically over decades, creating a more convenient way to communicate, share and receive information.Carr describes the extreme change in the way we now look at time. Clocks have become more accurate than ever before, as they were only put into places such as town halls, churches, and palaces (Carr, 43). Today, they are available for every home, hand held, and accessible through electronic devices. Carr describes the mechanical clock transformation as changing the way we see ourselves (Carr, 43). Today’s technology has helped people globally communicate with one another, shop online, search and share their own information.The media phenomenon has become so easily accessible that people now crave for more information, and want the latest technology. Skeptics predicted that this phenomenon would dumb down our culture globally. With the evidence supported by Carr, I do not believe that our culture is ‘dumb downed’ by the media, but it has provided us with more varieties of sources and technology to explore other possibilities. I do agree that the media has created a negative effect on how individuals perceive things now that media has taken over.Clocks went from only being in town halls, churches, and palaces. They are now easily accessible on a smart phone, because of the demand of new, and better technology. More technology and media are being produced today, to live up to our global expectations. The evolution of media has constructed humanâ⠂¬â„¢s thoughts in such a way that adapts to the current society of media. Current civilization has developed into such a technological state in which our society is dependent on. Human behaviors have taken a negative effect from the media in the sense that we are processing so much information.Carr allows us to observe the effects that the Internet and current media have on neuroplacity in the human mind. Media and technology industries are achieving success in the demands of new media products and sources. Global societies have depended on the Internet, and other convenient technologies to get by on a daily basis. Carr provides information that proves the Internet has stolen individual’s ability to focus. Our generation’s ability to concentrate will only worsen with the newly released sources and media products, because of the hunger for new information.

Analysis of an Ethical Dilemma Essay

There are times when life takes an unforeseen route, and one is faced with an obstacle or situation that was not expected. Many people are diagnosed with terminal diseases, have accidents and are left with severe impairments, and suffer horrendous complications from medical issues. One has the right, according to law, to make medical decisions about their care and treatment options. But should one have the right to end their life? Assisted, or voluntary euthanasia, is the direct administration of a lethal agent to end one’s life at the request of the patient (Tamayo-Velazquez, Simon-Lorda, & Cruz-Piqueras, 2012, p. 678). Should a person have to intolerably suffer for the duration of their disease or disability, or should they have the right to choose to end their life? Related Ethical Implications and Obligations Voluntary euthanasia naturally sparks the debate between â€Å"morality and legality† (Young, 2010). Ethical implications come with being faced with if assisted euthanasia is morally justified, or if respecting one’s right to make choices about their life, including end of life decisions, supersedes all other aspects of the subject. Nurses are an integral part in end of life care of patients, and often times are witness to those expressing the desire to die. Ethical dilemmas are currently high regarding end of life care in nursing, and would only grow more complicated and severe if assisted euthanasia became legal worldwide, as nurses would not only provide comfort measures, but rather be a part of ending life. Currently, assisted euthanasia is legal in three countries; the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg. Euthanasia is considered murder in every other place in the world. (â€Å"Assisted Suicide & Death with Dignity,† 2013). In the United States, there are currently three states, Oregon, Montana, and Washington, where Physician Assisted Suicide, or PAS, is legal. PAS is referred to as the â€Å"Death with Dignity Act â€Å"and permits doctors to prescribe a lethal  overdose to a patient who is expected to die within six months. This decision is totally dependent upon patient wishes, and physicians are not obligated to inform families, only to write the prescription (â€Å"Analysis of Assisted Suicide Initiative,† 2013). In any other state, assisted suicide is considered manslaughter and is punishable by law. Assisted euthanasia remains a hot topic worldwide, and aims to pass laws are constantly challenged. Ethical Theories Ethical decisions are always difficult for the nurse to make in a challenging situation Confidentiality and privacy are part of ethical issues but can raise confusion as to the best direction of an action for a nurse to take. There is a need for nurses to know that patient obligations and laws concerning privacy and confidentiality matters. Healthcare has the HIPAA law that guides patient’s privacy (HIPAA. ORG, 2008) which is essential for nurses to understand the pertinent guidelines or rules on confidentiality so as to carry out their practices based on the law guidelines. The code of ethics states, â€Å"The nurse advocates for, promotes and strives towards safety, health and the patients’ rights (ANA, 2010). (ANA, 2010) stated that Deontology theory is helpful for the nurse to judges the morality of an action based on the action’s adherence to rules. Whether an action is ethical depends on the intentions behind the decisions rather than the outcomes that result. Beneficence represents compassion on the other hand, taking positive action to help others and desire to do good which is the core principle of our patient advocacy. (Butts, J. B., & Rich, K. L, 2008). Autonomy theory hel p nurses respect and honor a patients or clients right to make a course of action and support independent decision making. While the right to autonomy is not to hurt or negatively impact an outcome, it often gives the nurse a sense of freedom to choose a moral decision. Voluntary assisted euthanasia may be justified with the Beneficence theory but ethically wrong for the nurse in assisting. Impact of social valves, morals, and norms The Terry Schiavo case was perhaps the highest profile case to ever address the issue of prolonging one’s life when that person suffers a life-altering medical tragedy. With her husband fighting on one side for the right to not prolong her life and multiple parties, including her other family members, fighting for the right to prolong her life, this case took national media and even the courts by  storm. The case brought to light what has been called the â€Å"right-to-die† question. Because she lacked a living will, the courts were left to determine what her finals wishes would have been in a situation like this. Legally speaking, the court in Florida found that people have the right to refuse medical treatment, and that right extends to them even when they are in a vegetative state. This case was complicated because there was no clear consensus on whether Schiavo would have liked to exercise that right. Ultimately, her husband was able to convince the court of this, and his persuasiveness came largely because he was the closest person to her and was thus in the best position to understand her wishes. The case brought about complicated ethical issues, especially for the medical professionals involved. Nurses and doctors are under an oath to preserve life whenever possible, but they must also respect the wishes of patients. Because the decision involved removing a feeding tube rather than taking any direct action to harm the patient, medical professionals were able to comply with court orders without violating their oath. It is also worth noting that this case was complicated by social and political issues. Pro-life groups advocated on behalf of Schiavo’s family, and President George W. Bush even tried to intervene. Some argue that these things were designed to make a political point. Implementing an ethical theory Implementing an ethical theory or principle to address an ethical dilemma should involve identifying the type of ethical problem. Doing this lays the groundwork for the trajectory in the caring response. From here, an ethical theory can be implemented and methodically followed to conclude with the best caring response. In the case of Terry Schiavo, there were ambiguities of who should make the decisions. With this, a locus of authority was established to this ethical problem and ultimately, the Supreme Court would act as the moral agent. With the trajectory set, the Supreme Court was now going to be held responsible for the caring response outcome. Furthermore, the Courts would likely have to rely on a narrative approach to ethical decision making. Purtilo and Doherty  (2011) define the narrative approach as information told through stories that, as a result, affect the human experience. With the barrage of coming from the Schiavo case, the Supreme Court must be sure to gather all the relevant details in order to establish facts, relationships and values. Consequently, this is the first step in many ethical theories as well as Purtilo and Doherty’s (2011, p. 103) six steps to ethical decision making. The determination of an ethical decision in deeply rooted in personal and societal values. The ethical theory provides the framework, but it is the value-laden details that guide the decision (Aulisio & Arnold, 2008). With this said an accurate prediction with regard to cases such as Terry Schiavo would be the immediate intervention of ethics committees to mitigate lengthy legal processes and preserving a caring response. Conclusion In this case all of the moral and social valves that were implicated involved nursing ethics. Nurses play an important role in caring for patients that are at the end of life. Nurses must understand the issues that involve assisted euthanasia because of the legal and ethical implications that are involved. Nurses must have adequate knowledge and understanding of assisted death to prevent themselves from violating their personal and professional ethics. References Analysis of Washington Assisted Suicide Initiative {I-1000}. (2013). Retrieved from www.patientsrightcouncil.org/site/analysis-washington-state/ Assisted Suicide & Death with Dignity: Past, Present & Future – Part III. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.patientsrightcouncil.org/site/rpt2005-part3/ Aulisio, M. & Arnold, M. (2008). Role of the Ethics Committee: Helping To Address Value Conflicts or Uncertainties. Retrieved from http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1086034 Beauchamp, T. L., & Childress, J. F. (2009). Principles of biomedical ethics (6th ed., pp. 38- 39).New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Butts, J. B., & Rich, K. L. (2008). Nursing ethics across the curriculum and into practice (2nd ed., pp. 21-22). Sunbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett. Purtilo, Doherty. (2011). Ethical Dimensions in the Health Professions (5th ed). W.B. Saunders Company. Retrieved from http://pageburstls.elsevier.com/books/978-1-4377-0896-7/id/B9781437708967000138_p0300 Tamayo-Velazquez, M., Simon-Lorda, P., & Cruz-Piqueras, M. (2012). Euthanasia and physician assisted suicide: Knowledge, attitudes and experiences of nurses in Andalusia {Spain}. Nursing Ethics, 19{5}, 677-691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733011436203 Young, R. (2010). Voluntary Euthanasia. Retrieved from http://plato.standford.edu/entries/euthanasia-voluntary/

Dancing in Yemen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dancing in Yemen - Essay Example Apparently, Bara is the most important dance that is a tribal marker in Yemen. Its performance is by men only with drumming accompaniment (Adra, 1998). The performance of Bara is similar to the composition of Qabà ¤I poetry. There are tribal characteristics of Bara that differs in the wielding of performer’s daggers, steps and beat. In addition, the performance of Bara takes place outdoors. Occasions like religious holidays, weddings, travelling together of tribesmen, honouring distinguished guests or weddings necessitates the performance of Bara. Bara in conjunction with zà ¤mil has important features for resolving disputes. Interestingly, republic leaders also appreciate the performance of Bara particularly in vital functions (Adra, 1998). The aforementioned features of Bara distinguish it from lub and give it the reference of a unique dance that is entrenched in the culture of native Yemenis. In brief, lub has numerous characteristics of raq and remains regarded as a raq. For instance, the indoor genre is intimate and accompanies love songs. Lub is primarily performed by a couple of women at women gathering and two men where men gathers (Adra, 1998). There is an expectation of constant change of lub with regard to its tempi and new steps. Lub changes with fashion clothing. Such changes begin in Sanaa and take a while before filtering to al-Ahjur. Just like Bara, lub performance varies with village or region. Steps copied from adjacent villages influence the local dancing of lub. Despite the Yemenis agreement and reference of Bara as a dancing behaviour, Bara do not classify as raq. Rags, is a term that generates from Arabic language. The term translates to ‘’ dancing’’ in English is ‘’dancing’’. Raq composes music, light headed paly and flirtation. Interestingly, it is a contrast of the dignified presence of

Management and Organizational Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Management and Organizational Behaviour - Essay Example ost cutting initiatives the question of quality control has arisen, a key component within the strategic and functional management of any organization, regardless of sector, product or service. Hence analysis of the quality control aspect, as well as related factors should be undertaken, with the recommendations of creating a conducive environment for the promotion of leadership attributes, quality control and the encouragement of the teamwork aspect to ensure that a continual monitoring across all levels of the organization ensues, in line with sufficient quality control methodologies. In order to provide advice regarding the issues of leadership and teamwork within an organization, a sound understanding of these concepts regardless of the firm in question is required. The different types, techniques and related processes involved within leadership require analyses in so far as aiming to increase or improve the quality of leadership within the organization, whilst aiming to improve the level and success of teamwork. The level of quality and efficacy of the leadership itself can start within the company itself, as provided by Manning & Curtis (2007) in "research shows that the evaluation of leaders by employees can be a valuable tool" (p. 308) and hence the suggestion of utilising this mechanism would be forthcoming, additionally the authors provide that "teamwork is essential for success of the group" (p. 177) which has a direct bearing upon this analysis. The level and nature of leadership upon such groups and teams will in all likelihood influence the success of any teamwork, based upon the understanding of the group as well as the influencing of the behaviour of the group, by the manager or leader (Mullins p. 298.) In order to assess the efficacy of how leadership and teamwork affect the organization, either in a positive or negative way, one of the most relevant examples or case studies is that of the Harley Davidson Company, and the leadership of the

On the behind The Soloist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

On the behind The Soloist - Essay Example With personal endeavor in seeking proper evidences that would either prove or disprove the blogger, my research has led me to findings that agree with Lechuguilla’s statement from which to affirm that, indeed, â€Å"The Soloist† is a film based on true account. Through a tribune newspaper website Los Angeles Times, in June of 2011 or approximately two years after the movie was released, Steve Lopez who is himself a certified Los Angeles Times reporter for real wrote â€Å"A love of music brings Nathaniel Ayers out to the Foshay Learning Center to perform with kindred spirits.† On the same page may be viewed pictures that reveal the true Nathaniel Anthony Ayers in a 3-D flesh holding and playing a violin similar to the portrayal of his character in â€Å"The Soloist†. ... Furthermore, Hilary Lewis of the Business Insider told that a segment in 60 Minutes show tackled about a significant event in the friendship between Lopez and Ayers for which a video documentation was rendered. In the interview aired primarily on the 22nd of April in 2008, Lopez confessed of having chronicled the mental struggle of Ayers through a number of columns for the Los Angeles Times until Lopez decided to create and publish the book â€Å"The Soloist: A Lost Dream, and Unlikely Friendship, and the Redemptive Power of Music† which detailed the real situation of Ayers as a figure of wonder suppressed by schizophrenic battle with life. Other relevant observations of the real-life Nathaniel Ayers were drawn from psychiatric analyses conducted with the following ‘Diagnostic Impression’ (Heffner, 2002): Axis I: Clinical Syndrome(s) Schizophrenia Axis II: Developmental and Personality Disorders Inclination to developmental disorder may be observed through the per son’s pervasive deficits in social interaction, with chief preference to be left on his own having sought mastery of natural endowment, the period of which extends from his adolescence until becoming part of the skid row in the greater L.A. community. Moreover, eccentricity on certain aspects reflect through cluster-A personality disorder as (1) paranoid: showing distrust/suspicion of people, which may have ensued from visual hallucinations, leading to angry outburst; (2) schizoid: dullness/indifference as in a social gathering in school with occurrences of only partly seeing the reality while the other view maintains abstract connections (3) shizotypal:

The Movie Rental Industry of the Future Assignment - 10

The Movie Rental Industry of the Future - Assignment Example It is highly likely that customers will pay per minute for streaming. As a result, it should invest in its streaming services and an online platform (Chapter 3 55). However, it should consider developing features that allow users to view the movies offline. For example, there can be an option for users to download content from the site. Furthermore, industries are being disrupted at an overwhelming pace. As a result, they cannot afford to stick to the present strategy. Instead, it should develop a strategy that is responsive to changes in the market. Â  In order for Netflix to achieve more growth and prosperity in the movie rental industry, it needs to change tack on some things. In addition, it also needs to adopt some new strategies so as to prepare itself for the movie rental industry of the future. Firstly, the organization needs to stop relying on established entertainment houses for content. It should focus on creating its own original content. Although the initial cost of investment will be high, the long-term rewards will be phenomenal. In addition, it will enable it to reduce its operating costs by eliminating the licensing fees paid (Chapter 3 151) Â  Secondly, the organization needs to expand into China, Nigeria, India, and South Africa. The four countries have an established entertainment industry that would be glad to partner with an organization that gives them a platform to reach more consumers. Thirdly, the organization needs to come up with an appropriate pricing plan that enables them to make a profit on their investment but also makes it possible for the price-conscious consumer to buy their service. In addition, it needs to establish different packages for consumers. Â  

Enhlis CASE 3 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Enhlis CASE 3 - Term Paper Example Prezi is sometimes is called the zooming presentation, and it is used to create presentations that are considered more dynamic than power point. The presentation or the story is laid out in a visual canvas and the area can be changed to see more details or less detail. Power point is more flexible for some slide purposes and you can do a variety of things with it. Discussion There are certain differences between the two software, and the biggest difference is probably the non-linear nature of Prezi against the linear structure of power point. In many occasions power point remains the staple for most presentations and forms the basis for much of the visual content delivered in online presentations and trainings ( Bunzel, 2006). Let’s try a completely non-linear presenting or for teaching approach. Like having a very detailed Prezi and takes cues from your audience at which bits they want to look at: if the learners can access then you don’t have to use traditional presen tation in the beginning. Power point has linear navigation, uses slide stack layout, computer based, and has multiple printing options. Power point is more popular than Prezi which is non-linear, uses map layout, web based, and has limited printing options. Try and present your learners with Prezi to look around, you can also try and add your content. Learners will work through and take notes or use the content that they find most useful. Power point is good at creating lecture framework, visualizing content, organizing student note-taking, and explaining complex concepts and processes through charts, graphs and animations. The look of your presentation of power point software can be affected by difference in font sizes in different computers (Norwood, 2009). Prezi is a presentation that allows you to display your ideas in form of images, text, videos. Etc., by planning to them or zooming in on them. With the ability to zoom the images, Prezi also provide some tools to edit those ob jects including tools to rotate, resize, recolor, and crop them. With the high and faster technological growth in the world, the use of power point is become more unreliable compared to Prezi. In fact, (Norwood, 2009), says that, ‘power point presentation are so ubiquitous these days that the mere name of this software has become synonymous with ‘boring’ and ‘mundane’.’ Prezi being an online based becomes a more evolutional and convenient software. The use of Prezi for system upgrade is more effective and brings more impacts to the new jobs. The use of Prezi provides a wide range of presentation and is more productive nowadays than power point. Unlike power point prezi is not being affected by the difference in fonts of different computer systems. Therefore it’s more productive and easy to access. Power point is always installed in the system. That makes it difficult to share the work done with power point to other people. Being online b ased software, Prezi is an alternative for student’s lecturers, and researchers. The ease of sharing the worksheet and personal presentation via internet since it’s an online software. The use of Prezi can be highly recommended for upgrading since it is a best chance of improving income. The use of Prezi is convenient in advertising, mailing and any business related work. To improve corporate finance it’s advisable to use Prezi. Conclusion It is clearer that most people use power point than Prezi.

Media and Privacy - the Massacre That Shocked the World Essay

Media and Privacy - the Massacre That Shocked the World - Essay Example Was transparency maintained in reporting? These are the questions that need to be answered when analyzing the case, apart from these questions, What has been referred to as ‘Massacre at Langdale High’ transpired in Andersonville- a small town in the United States. The case of Langdale High involves two siblings named Jeffrey and Laura. Both of them had a pleasant childhood but soon things started to change. The case informs that the neighbours confirmed that both the siblings were friendly and warm during their childhood. However, in case of Laura, her disposition suddenly changed after her tenth birthday. She became quieter and withdrew herself from communications. The reason was, when she turned ten, she was subjected to sexual harassment by her father periodically. This led to the formation of negative feelings inside her such as embarrassment and resentment. She did not engage in any social activity and isolated herself. She was limited to a close clique, whom she called her friends. She tried opting for drugs, in an attempt to find some solace but to her surprise, Laura found jotting her thought in her diary as more therapeutic and satisfactory. In case of Jeffrey, he was a bright kid and celebrated his father as his superhero. He longed for his attention and wanted to share a close bond with him. He was aware of the fact that his sister was being sexually abused by the father every now and then Laura had complained to him several times, but he did not take any stance on his issue and chose to remain quiet. When Jeffrey turned 13, his family was abandoned by his father. This incident was a milestone in Jeffrey’s life and left him a changed person. He became bitter as a person and fell into glum depression. Weapons and ammunition started to lure him and. Many assumed that his rampage was because of the frustration that he felt. This case informs of Sharyn Lassiter, who was the police and a court reporter at Andersonville Tribune.

KKK (Ku Klux Klan) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

KKK (Ku Klux Klan) - Essay Example It was said that the Klan's first leader is the famous general N.B. Forrest, the Calvary Confederate leader. He is called the 'Grand Wizard' or the 'Imperial Wizard'. This is the title given to the Klan's highest leader and was assisted by lower ranking officials of the group. The whole southern country was mapped, organized, and subdivided into several sectors down to the lowest ranks and individual members. 1 Later in 1869, the group became perpetrators of lawless violence and recklessness throughout the continent. Ku Klux Klan members were seen mostly at night, covered in white. They hold silent parades and covered their horses with the same white robes. People regarded the Klan as Confederate soldiers returning from the dead. The Ku Klux Klan spread terror all over the entire land. Their main targets are the blacks, the carpetbaggers, and the scalawags. They effectively kept black men from voting and from joining the electoral process, so as to control the polls, its results and politics in particular. They promote terror through whipping and lynching. And because the Klan became so powerful and uncontrollable, its leaders, headed by General Forrest, ordered and sought to disband the group. He resigned from his position as the Grand Wizard. But then, a lot of its off-shoots still functioned, and it continued on for the next few years.2 The Birth of the Second Ku Klux Klan It was 1915 when the Klan was revived, thus giving birth to the second Ku Klux Klan faction. This group was formed by William J. Simmons, who is a former minister and a popular fraternal order promoter. In October of the same year, he had prepared to reveal the campaign to form the group, together with friends of the same mindset. The second Klan is still focused on restoring the supremacy of the white race. It is promoting fundamentalism as a religion and had a hand in controlling politics during those time, although it professed that it is not a political group. Some of the Klan's noted members were elected as government officials, mostly congressmen and mayors. The Klan still continued on performing extreme measures to counter its assumed enemies, and most of these cases were unauthorized by their central leaders. 3 The most noted and remembered extreme activity undertaken by the second Ku Klux Klan is the murder of three civil rights workers in the summer of 1964, in Mississippi. It was the most horrible crime they committed in the entire regime of the second Klan - it was an execution, not merely an assassination. But in 1930, Ku Klux Klan experience a decline in its members, especially when state laws prohibited the use of masks and the propagation of secret societies. This decline of interest on its members is mainly due to the massive corruption, the wrong doings, and the amassing of wealth for personal gains by its leaders through the influence group.4 The Klan as Hate Group The major example of hate groups working with leaders of several or subsequent affiliations and at the same time working under a common name but covering a lot of distinct factions is none other than the Ku Klux Klan. The Klan was a hate group which did one too many illegal acts of intimidation and violence. The Klan was known to be responsible for the arson of the Black South Caroline Group of Churches, which is a predominantly black institution. The Klan

There are a number of factors which are responsible for this disaster Essay Example for Free

There are a number of factors which are responsible for this disaster Essay 1. Documents which were obtained in the course of a law suit against Union Carbide for environmental contamination before a New York Federal District Court have revealed that the Carbide that had been exported to the Indian plant was untested unproven technology. 2. The Indian subsidiary plant unlike the Union Carbide plants in the U. S. A. were not equipped to handle or cope with problems of this magnitude nor were the local authorities informed about the dangers of the chemicals that were being manufactured in Bhopal. 3. The scientist’s reports which talked and warned about such a possibility as the accident which occurred were ignored outright and the senior staff never got to view them. 4. The sales were dipping and the staff was reduced due to which the safety checks were less frequent. 5. Slip-band plates which had to be installed in order to prevent the water from the pipes entering the tanks were not installed. 6. The MIC tank refrigeration coolant was being used elsewhere, but if a button was pressed in the control room it would have activated it to use the remaining coolant. This was overlooked by the staff. 7. The gas scrubber was kept on standby, so it could not be used to clean the escaping gases with sodium hydroxide which could bring the concentration down to a safe level. 8. The water curtain also was set to ~ 13m and it did not reach the gas, it was perhaps not designed to contain a leakage of such magnitude.. 9. The audible external alarm had been activated to warn the residents of Bhopal, but this was quickly switched off in order not to cause panic among the residents. So, many kept sleeping little realizing what was happening and those who woke up thought the problem was resolved. 10. The flare towers which were used to burn off gases before escaping into the air were under repairs. 11. Doctors were not updated about the proper treatment methods for MIC gas inhalation. When they inquired they were told to give the patients cough medicines and eye drops. Union Carbide denies all this. Their theory is that one of the employees introduced water into the tank by removing a meter, â€Å" a disgruntled plant employee, apparently bent on spoiling a batch of methyl isocyanate, added water to a storage tank†(Browning). Their argument is that so much water could not have entered the tank by accident. They further accuse that the plant staff falsified the numerous records to distance themselves of the disaster and that the Government of India did not prosecute the employee as it would weaken the allegations against the Union Carbide, but the Union Carbide themselves have not named or identified the employee. Still others, like the many experts in industrial safety, believe that the tragedy was preventable, arguing that it was the due to â€Å". the negligence on the part of the Union Carbide Corporation and its corporate subsidiary Union Carbide of India Ltd. (UCIL), which had the responsibility for taking care of the day-to-day operations of the facility†(Bogard 4). Moreover, the Indian Madhya Pradesh State Government had also not done anything for the safety standards and the Union Carbide also failed to implement its safety rules. This plant had experienced six accidents between 1981 and 1984, three of them involving MIC or phosgene, but since they were small scale ones, only one worker died in 1981, the official inquiries were shelved. Probably the neglect of not getting trained workers at the plant and the laxity in the upkeep of the equipments was responsible for the leakage. Union Carbide agreed to pay US$470 million in an out of court agreement for the damages caused in the tragedy, but little of the money went to the survivors, and the people of Bhopal felt betrayed by both the Union Carbide and their own politicians. Thus on the anniversary of the tragedy they burnt the effigy of Warren Anderson who was the chairman of the Union Carbide at that time as well as the effigies of their own politicians. In July 2004, The Supreme Court of India ordered the government to pay the victims and their families the remaining $330 compensation fund. Union Carbide sold its Indian subsidiary which ran the Bhopal plant to the Eveready Battery manufacturers in 1994. The Union Carbide was purchased by the Dow Chemical Company in 2001 for $10. 3 billion. Dow Chemicals have refused to clean up the toxic waste even as activists have demanded it and are pressurizing the Government of India to demand more money from Dow. According to environmentalists the contamination may lead to slow poisoning and diseases of the liver, kidney and the nervous system. Studies have also thrown light on the fact that cancer and other illness are on the rise in this region after the tragedy. BBC Radio5 reported on 14th November 2004 that the site is still contaminated with thousands of metric tones of toxic chemicals which are held in open containers or loose on the ground. Rainfall causes run off thus polluting local wells and boreholes. Some of the areas are so polluted that anyone entering the area for more than ten minutes are likely to loose consciousness.

Perfectionism | An overview

Perfectionism | An overview Perfectionism is a phobia of mistake-making, said Jeff Szymanski, executive director of the Obsessive Compulsive Foundation, which is based in Boston. It is the feeling that If I made a mistake, it will be catastrophic.' Perfectionism is a psychological disorder which is believed by the person with this illness that being flawless should be accomplished. They feel that they are obligated to reach exceptionally idealistic ambitions when in fact its non-compulsory because everyone should just strive to do the best they can. However, perfectionistic attitude is an interference with their success. The desperation of having unrealistic aspiration can ruin their anticipations because it eventually causes disappointment. Perfectionism is sometimes influenced by an early stage in a persons life. This person has a perception that people would appreciate them more if they are perfect. In other words, their goals are based on peripheral outlook and not from their own desires. Hence, they only feel that they are worthy if only people would recognize their importance. Although being a perfectionist sees every mistake as a chance for progress and learning, people with this disorder should learn how to control it because it will lead to being defensive when appraised and to being depressed when faced with a failure. Each individual has goal in their life but for perfectionist, they have goals that are higher or beyond their imagination. There is definitely nothing erroneous to be ruthless, have dreams and eventually work it out to pursue them. If theres no single person that has goal in life then most of the advancement that people are enjoying these should not be even here. So if they have managed to get through their aim, sure enough they would enjoy the outcome. Being a perfectionist has great advantage because unlike an ordinary person who is contented with a mediocre performance, they could arrive at a level of success that is almost perfect. Thats why they received a lot of admiration from people which they really deserved and reacted positively. They are confident that their goals will be reached since they are very competent individual and has an optimistic mind-set. Thus, it will somehow boost their self-esteem and obtain greater accomplishments. People are not like God. They are not perfect thats why it is normal to commit mistakes and eventually recuperate from the loss. But for the perfectionist, they cant control it. They should make all things right. Therefore, they became less efficient because they are meticulous even to the last detail and wasnt able to complete a task. When the moment of failure haunt them, they will loath themselves for being inadequate and as a result, it can lead to low self-worth and despair. The other thing is that they become engrossed with fear that they cant easily recover from it. This also meant of losing the opportunity to improve themselves because they perceive mistakes as an indication of unworthiness. Not being contented with what they attained can lead to a miserable life because they dont know how to let go and move on with their lives and or learn from their mistakes; they still hold on to their problem and eventually causes disturbance that is suicidal. The reason that they cant let go is that they dreaded the consequences of losing everything. This is also the source of anxiety since they wanted to be perfect with everything; consequently, they place themselves under a great deal of pressure. After experiencing nervous tension, they wouldnt be able to be successful and as a result, will intensify the probability of experiencing tragedy. If their imperfections are recognized by others, they became fearful that they will be abandoned by the society. Because of this, they strive to be perfect to protect themselves from humiliation and condemnation. If only a person with this illness can control their strong urge to do everything perfectly then it will not be called as a disorder. Since their goals are set irrationally or unrealistically, they tend to disappoint themselves after which they feel that misfortune had befallen upon them. They eventually became traumatized that every circumstances they encountered became catastrophic. Perfectionist became devastated when they stumble upon petty mistakes that they were excessively troubled about not being able to overcome it. Due to their inflexible attributes, they become anxious and dysfunctionally depressed. There are important points that a perfectionist has to realize. Perfectionism is a delusion that is unfeasible and striving very hard to do everything is pointless. They are just wasting their time being faultless when in fact their work is already gratifying. They should try to do their best and not to be perfect in everything because the no one really notices things in a detailed way unless their audience is also a perfectionist. Perfectionist has to comprehend that committing mistakes are the only way one can be perfect, through learning from their mistakes is the only way to identify their error. They should challenge themselves to turn away from that fixation or being obsessed because sooner or later it will be a curse in their life. Sources: Bregman, P. (2009). How to Escape Perfectionism. http://blogs.hbr.org/bregman/2009/09/how- to-escape-perfectionism.html. Egan, S. (2005). An Investigation of Positive and Negative Perfectionism. http://adt.curtin.edu.au/theses/available/adt- WCU20060906.150230/unrestricted/01Front.pdf. McGarvey, J. (n.d.). The Almost Perfect Definition. http://www.rps.psu.edu/sep96/almost.html. Neumeister, K. (n.d.) Perfectionism in Gifted Children. Retrieved from http://iag- online.org/perfect.htm. Perfectionism. (2007). Retrieved frromhttp://www.counselingcenter.illinois.edu/?page_id=113.

Excessive Pride in Young Goodman Brown :: Nathaniel Hawthorne, YGB

     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is an allegory.   Hawthorne’s moral story is told through the perversion of a religious leader, Goodman Brown. Goodman is a Puritan minister who lets his excessive pride interfere with his relations with the community after he meets with the devil. The result is that Goodman lives the rest of his life in exile within his own community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Young Goodman Brown" begins when Faith, Brown's wife, asks him not to go on an "errand".   Goodman Brown says to his "love and (my) Faith" that "this one night I must tarry away from thee."   When he says his "love" and his "Faith", he is talking to his wife, but he is also talking to his "faith" to God.   He is venturing into the woods to meet with the Devil, and by doing so, he leaves his unquestionable faith in God with his wife.   He resolves that he will "cling to her skirts and follow her to Heaven."   This is an example of the excessive pride because he feels that he can sin and meet with the Devil because of this promise that he made to himself. There is a tremendous irony to this promise because when Goodman Brown comes back at dawn; he can no longer look at his wife with the same faith he had before.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Goodman Brown finally meets with the Devil, he declares that the reason he was late was because "Faith kept me back awhile."  Ã‚   This statement has a double meaning because his wife physically prevented him from being on time for his meeting with the devil, but his faith to God psychologically delayed his meeting with the devil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Devil had with him a staff that "bore the likeness of a great black snake".   The staff which looked like a snake is a reference to the snake in the story of Adam and Eve.   The snake led Adam and Eve to their destruction by leading them to the Tree of Knowledge.   The Adam and Eve story is similar to Goodman Brown in that they are both seeking unfathomable amounts of knowledge.   Once Adam and Eve ate from the Tree of Knowledge they were expelled from their paradise.   The Devil's staff eventually leads Goodman Brown to the Devil's ceremony which destroys Goodman Brown's faith in his fellow man, therefore expelling him from his utopia.

Physics of Billiards :: physics sport sports pool billiards

Physics can be found anytime, anywhere. Billards is one game where the more you know about physics the better a player you will be. Some of the main physics principles in Billards are: Newton's Laws: 1st: An object in motion tends to stay in motion while an object at rest will stay at rest, unless acted upon by an outside force. 2nd: Force is proportional to mass times the acceleration. 3rd: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Conservation of Momentum: In an isolated system, (a system with no outside force acting upon it) then the total momentum will remain constant. Inertia: The tendency an object has to follow the same path all the time and not change its motion. Friction: Sliding Friction: the friction on an object while it is moving. Static Friction: Static Friction is the friction that acts on an object that is stationary. There are a few different techniques to striking the cue ball and each will give a different results. Center ball: When you hit center ball, the cue ball slides for a ways, and then rolls. Draw: Is achieved by hitting the cue ball below center. First the ball rotates backward. This rotation slows as the ball slides, and then the ball rolls forward as it does on other shots. The harder you shoot, the farther the ball will travel with this backward spin. And the lower you cue the ball, the farther the ball will travel with this backward spin. Follow: The opposite of draw is follow. This is achieved by hitting the cue ball above center. The cue ball then rotates forward. If the cue ball then hits another ball, it will roll forward after the collision. Stop shot: When the cue ball is very close to the object ball, this can be accomplished with center ball.

The Setting of The Cask of Amontillado Essay -- Papers Poe Essays

The Setting of The Cask of Amontillado An important element in any story is setting. Authors use setting to convey certain feelings brought on by the character’s surroundings. It also subliminally serves to illustrate the character’s intentions. In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† Edgar Allen Poe uses the dark, imposing setting to do just that, communicate the underlying theme of the story, being death, revenge and deception. Poe begins setting the tone of the story by describing the gloomy and threatening vaults beneath Montressor’s home. The first description of the Montressor home, as well as the reader’s first hint that something is amiss, is the description of the time off Montressor had required his employees to take. This alone lets us know that some of his intentions are less than virtuous. He describes the vaults as extensive, having many rooms, and being insufferably damp. This description of Montressor’s vaults strikes a feeling of uneasiness and fear in the reader, as well as a fear of malevolent things to come. References to the bodies laid to rest in the ca...

Kardell Paper Company Decision Essay

The Board of directors of Kardell Paper Company should accept the installation of the new processing technology witch protects the environment by refining the company’s waste water .Implementing this new technology will increase the company’s long- term profitability and reputation by providing enough power and ability to compete and operate efficiently in the future market. This ethical solution is offered, after analyzing Kardell’s board of directors’ decision to refuse the new technology due to its high turn over costs. The impacts of this decision on the company’s primary stakeholders is studied carefully by using the 5-question ethical approach. The assessment has been made by comparing the profitability, legality, fairness and rightness of the company’s decision and its impacts on major groups of stakeholders and their interests. Introduction The Kardell Paper Company (KPC) is a publicity traded company with good financial record and a profit of $1.7 million per year.Kardell’s original mill which is not designed with accordance to high environmental protection standards, is located near the Riverside, a community of 22,000 residents (Brooks 371) The local community has been suffering from an unusually high rate of miscarriages and respiratory disorders since 1985.Therefore,in the same year, a research has been done on the water sample of the river which showed high level of industrial chemical called sonox.Also,it was discovered that the plant lab failed to mention the high sonox level in its monthly report to the managers. However, after informing the CEO and the Board of Direcors, no serious action has been taken to solve this problem and proven the situation. They failed to undertake an appropriate environmental audit and even refused the possible solution of adopting a new technology to refine the companyâ€⠄¢s waste water.(Brooks 372) The Issues In fact, KPC’s board of directors faced two major problems in adopting the new technology. First, the $70 million cost of implementing the new technology which would affect the productivity and profitability of the company. Second, the issue of unemployment and job loss that will occur, as a result of shutting down during the retrofit. To analyze and asses KPC’s decision, the 5-question framework will be used. This approach requires identifying the company’s most important stakeholders, prioritizing their interests and applying five questions to examine the impacts of the company’s decision on each stakeholders group (Tucker 348). Identification of Stakeholders and their Interests According to the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), companies are concerned for the well being of the people, society and the environment (Brooks 399). Therefore, identification of all the stakeholders and their concerns are quite important for analyzing companies’ business decisions and ensure their long term success. The most important stakeholder groups that are impacted by KPC’s decision can be recognized and ranked as follow. Current and Future Shareholders The impact on this group measures in terms of profit or loss. In this case, current shareholders will face a short-term reduction in the dividend payments due to the high cost of adopting the new processing technology ($70 million) and the probability of capacity level reduction during the retrofit. However, if the decision becomes known, the company may end up paying high clean up and compensation costs as well as Governmental fines.On the other hand, the future shareholders such as ethical investors are more interested in long-term profits and give more value to moral and ethical behavior of the company. KPC’s Employees and Labor Union They may potentially get unemployed or receive less salaries and benefits due to the productivity reduction during the retrofit. However, KPC is putting its employees and their family’s life at risk by being the source of harmful emission and keep polluting their environment.Therefore, by refusing to install the new technology, KPC is ensuring the employees’ job and salaries at the expense of ignoring their core human rights such as right to good health. KPC’s Managements This group consists of the company’s Executive Officers and other managers who receive generous bonuses and benefits. They seek for short term profit without paying enough attention to the long term consequences of their decision. They have ignored the risks that are involved upon revelation of their decision by whistle blowers such as; possible clean up costs as well as negative reaction of the community by boycotting the company’s products. Local Community There is no doubt that KPC has CSR toward the community and therefore must ensure the business continues operating to create wealth and to build good reputation (Brooks 399). As the local community is suffering from the side effects of the high sonox level in the water, KPC has to act responsible ,honest and reliable to solve their problem. On the other hand, the local community might be highly dependant on the company as a main source of income in the area and would severely suffer during the retrofit. But, there is no doubt that saving their lives and living environment should be the company’s first priority. Government As the Government wants the health and well being of the society and protect  them from harm, it would like KPC to invest in the technology and bring down the number of sick people. Also, this might be to the government benefit as it would reduce the health cost. As it has explained, KPC’s primary stakeholders consist of different groups with various interests .For being able to asses the impact of the company’s decision, the fundamental interest of the stakeholders should be taken into consideration. The decision should maximize the well-offness of all stakeholders, should result in a fair distribution of benefits and burdens, and also should not offend any of the rights of stakeholders (Brooks 336). Considering the above mentioned criterias, even though the proposed decision may maximize some current shareholders and managers’ profits, but it is defiantly not fair or profitable for the other employees and the community.Moreover, KPC is offending the core human rights of the residents and its employees by jeopardizing their lives and health. Unquestionably those rights should be the company’s first and principle concerns. Application of the 5-Question Approach 1- Profitability There is no doubt that the refusal of installing the new processing technology which cost $70 million and results in shutting down the firm, will be profitable in short term and will also reduce the risk of economic loss.However,the likelihood of the decision becoming public by either whistle blowers or ethical shareholders has to be estimated. In this case, KPC might face serious problems such as; loosing the community support, paying high compensations and clean up costs as well as possible future lawsuits for damaging the environment.Consequently, adopting the new technology will be more cost benefit in long term.Moreover, KPC will be able to offset some costs by reclaiming waste material and sell it to chemical producers (Brooks 372). 2- Legality The KPC’s decision might not be illegal at the moment as it complies with the existing governmental limits and environmental regulations. But due to high number of miscarriages, birth defects and respiratory aliments in the area, there is no doubt that the government will tighten the standards to limit the sonox emission in near future. Therefore, KPC should make a proactive decision to reduce any chance of probable lawsuits.Also, according to the Golden Rules; KPC managers should treat the community as they want to be treated (Hunt and Cox 22). Also, KPC should give priority to the values such as Integrity, honesty, Responsibility, Predictability and try to apply more ethical principles and ground rules to implement those values. 3-Fairness While the deferment decision may considered fair and profitable for shareholders and managers, it is unfair for majority of stakeholders With regard to CSR ,KPC is not only responsible to make profit for its shareholders but also committed to various stakeholders (Brooks 359).Also, the even distribution of benefits and interests among all stakeholders a should be taken into consideration.If,this unfair treatment becomes public, it may result in severe reaction from the injured parties which will cause business failure. 4- Impact on Rights As it has described, the proposed decision had negative impact on the rights of several stakeholder groups in terms of life, health, safty and security.KPC has negatively affected the health and well being of the society and its employees by potentially polluting their environment .Therefore, KPC’s decision would be considered unethical. It has failed to respect the stakeholders’ values and preserve their health and safety rights, by not disclosing appropriate information to the public and also not taking the necessary steps to solve its technical problem. 5-Is It Sustainable Development? From the environmental prospective, KPC has to operate in accordance with high environmental protection standards. In order to prosper and progress in future, the company has to equip itself with the newest technology and skills required to keep the environment safe and sound. Conclusions and Recommendations The analysis has shown that, although KPC’s decision to defer the installation of the new processing technology might promise the short term profitability of the company and guarantee the shareholders’ interests and can be within governmental limits at the presents, it is not fair or right to the other stakeholders. Moreover, with regard to the valid probability of the decision revelation as well as the cost -benefit analysis, the long profitability of KPC might be at risk .The company may end up with paying high clean up costs and expenses. Consequently, KPC’s decision is unethical and may result in future public negative reaction and failure. The above mentioned facts and consequences should be fully taken into consideration by the Board of directors.Therefor,Kardell’s board of directors should act immediately and solve the pollution problem by adopting the new processing technology and accepting the fact that the company’s long term success and productivity depends on this action. In addition, KPC can resolve the probable job loss and unemployment during the retrofit by providing employees with early retirement packages or even ask the government to assist those employees with the unemployment insurance.

Personal Views on Globalization and Cultural Identity Essay

The concept of the world as one community has, in recent years, turned into a growing trend not only in business but in practically all facets of activity. Globalization has, in fact, fast-tracked the integration of cultural minorities or migrants into the mainstream society of so many countries, including the United States of America. For instance, the United States today is on the verge of installing a new breed of leader. This will be made possible by the winning of South African-American candidate Barack Obama as the nation’s 44th President. This means the country has truly gone a long way. While before only â€Å"white† citizens are elected President, the U. S. now has reached a very liberal sense of nationhood. Perhaps, this is a result of decades of continuously allowing Americans to inter-marry with other nationals and its open admission into the country of migrant businessmen, workers and students. These so-called cross-boarder alternatives are attributed to globalization which is a strategy that paved the way for both weak and strong governments to open up their respective countries worldwide. In order to have a level playing field, opening up of economies resulted into privatization of main sectors of the economy such as public services and deregulation of vital businesses. But while globalization has become a norm of life, there is still a conscious effort to preserve the American culture in the same way as what the other countries are doing. Preserving the cultural heritage or identity of a nation should be taken as a continuing process and should not be left obliterated by globalization. Due to globalization, world trade has become more competitive unlike in the past where only a few countries controlled it. Today, even the previously â€Å"closed economy† of China has gained great in-roads into the world market, including the American market for that matter. Nonetheless, as emphasized by the global financial crisis, globalization has apparently just put more limit on the worldwide market and deteriorated the financial surplus. With the U. S. being a melting pot of the various cultures of the world, the impact of globalization appears more beneficial than a threat to the economy and the nation itself. These various cultures brought into the country by migrants have been successfully assimilated into the American way of life. Concrete examples are the various Asian cultures and business activities that truly helped in the growth of U. S. as a showcase for globalization. Professionals from other countries helped Americans in the delivery of modern health care while Japanese investors have awakened local manufacturers into redesigning products to fit into present needs and standards. The entry of a lot of migrants into the country, in fact, enriched American culture. It has developed the once â€Å"purist† nation into a global leader with a greatly tempered concept of supremacy. Whereas before Americans dictate the terms and conditionality in business transactions, today it has accepted and embraced fair trade practices. Maybe because in hundreds of years in dealing with other cultures, the U. S. has accepted the reality that it must co-exist with other nations and cultures. Otherwise, its very own existence could be in serious jeopardy. Its humiliating experience with the invasion of Iraq, for instance, made America learned that despite its modern technology and warfare faculties it can’t easily subdue a developing country without the cooperation of other countries and cultures. This makes globalization a positive option to prevent future tendencies of adventurism by nations like the U. S. With its failure in Iraq and the meltdown of its economy in recent months should make its leaders rethink its foreign policy, view on globalization and the need to respect the cultural identities of other civilizations. Globalization, therefore, should not be taken as an instrument to wipe out cultural identities of nations but rather it can be availed as a common bridge towards better understanding and in the process advance the cause of world peace.

Soft Skill

Soft Skills That Is Important For University Students. Introduction. â€Å"Soft skills refer to the cluster of personality traits social graces, facility with language, personal habit, friendliness and optimism that mark people to verifying degrees. Soft skills complement hard skills, which are the requirement of job† (Wikipedia, 2007). Communicating, conflict management, human relations, making presentations, negotiating, team building and other such ability defined in terms of expected outcomes and not as a specific method or technique such as statistical analysis.Soft skills have its own dimension and it is based on one`s perceptual attitude. Mostly how he or she shows interest in things around him or her and reacts to that. No premature thoughts should occupy the mind and it should be flow freely from the cognitive reactions. This is a given from God. Course on human relations and dealing effectively with subordinate’s are often included. The soft skills might inclu de maintain eye contact when speaking with the people. Soft skills can`t really be taught as a course on its own. One picks up leaderships qualities.Soft skills have more to do with who we are than what we know. As such, soft skills encompass the character traits that decide how well one interacts with others, and are usually a definite part of one's personality. Whereas hard skills can be learned and perfected over time, soft skills are more difficult to acquire and change. Soft skills often relates to the abilities such as communication, team work and leadership skill. What I would typically include as parts of the soft skills package include good manners as well as a positive and pleasant disposition.Many students, who are not aware of the importance of leadership skills in his career, would prefer to be the â€Å"followers† when getting involved in co-curricular activities both in and out of school. Some are natural leaders, some are not, and they don`t know â€Å"the ho w†, perhaps â€Å"lacks of confidence† to lead, or could be due to â€Å"lack of interests† in giving ideas and brainstorming activities. However, if the students must do a practical assignment that will determine his marks, that will also test his leaderships, human interaction skills, then the students will be more â€Å"alert† of the importance of â€Å"soft skills†.Soft skills can be taught and learnt as well. However, at the end of the day it is the student who decides whether he/she will practice what was preached. The lack of soft skills in student in Malaysia is due to a combination of factors. What is more difficult is some of these factors are bigger for some students. It does start with our education system that make pitiful attempt to address the issue. What is difficult about soft skills is that it developing it work differently for different people and hence a mas-education system is ill-suited to address the worst of the problem.Examp le of the soft skills that’s important for university student. There are three examples of the soft skills: 1. Communication skills The first important soft skills is, good in communication skills. Effective of communication skills can be some of the most important skills we can learn. Communication is involvers both listening and speaking. The person in a good communication must have an open mind and idea to make people like to easy to understand. Influence a negotiating skill.Good negotiating skills are inherent these skills must be learned and practice in a verity situation. Listen carefully to the arguments and clarify the issue and also plan for the alternative outcome. Good communication skills. Good communication skills are having effective communication and communication will certainly increase the opportunities to find in a university. The communication skills may include body language. Do not shy away from the person whom you are speaking.Be sure to maintain a relax ed, but not slouching posture, regardless whether you are on speaking or listening. Make an eye contact and be aware what your body is saying. Body language can says so much more than a mouthful of words, and open stance with arm relaxed at your sides tells everyone around you that you are approachable and open to hear what they have to say. Communication is successful only when both the sender and receiver understand the same information. â€Å"Good communication skills are what separate the distinguished, from the good, from the indifferent teacher.The distinguished teacher delivers the message with enthusiasm, ensures that it is understood, and has it remembered; the good teacher delivers the message with enthusiasm and ensures that it is understood; while the indifferent teacher merely delivers the message† (Zemke R, Raines C, Filipcak B, 2000) 2. Critical thinking The second important soft skills are the good critical thinking. For the university student, it`s required e vidence and follow the evidence leads. Critical thinking is more concern with finding and explanation that being apparent confusion and asking question. It also makes people understand logical connection.Critical thinking should not be confused with being argument. â€Å"This research has direct implications for undergraduates and curriculum builders in tertiary education. The study sets out to discover respondents’ perceptions of their own abilities in critical thinking strategies and their perceptions on the importance of these strategies in their future employments† (Shah, N. Z. 2007). 3. Good listening skills The third important in soft skills is good listening skills. When you are really listening, you demonstrate your interest in what being said and you show your respect for the individual saying it.Leaderships skills. Leader want teams to get better, but often don`t set specific goal annual improvement. Listening is an essential part of communication and it is d ifferent from hearing. Being a good and patient listener helps not only solve many problems at university or home, but also to see the world through the eyes of others, thereby opening understanding and enhancing the capacity for empathy. How to be a good listener? Place yourself in the other person`s shoes. It is often too easy to wonder about how what the other persons is telling you is impacting you. Active listening is not about inward thinking.Instead you must look at the problem from the other person`s perspective and effectively try to see his or her point of view. Stop talking and try to be silent. Likewise, many think that empathy means sharing with the listener similar experiences that the listener has had. Both can be helpful, put a side your own needs and went for the other person to talk at their own pace. Remove distractions. Good listener means willing to turn off the television, close the door or stop reading the mail. Give the speaker your full attention and let the m know they are getting your full attention.Give no sign you are ready to respond during conversation, wait 2 seconds after the person finish speaking to make sure they have finished their thought. Watch your own emotions. If what they are saying creates an emotional response in you, be extra carefully, with attention to the intent and full meaning of their words. Make a comments, answered questions. When their stop or pauses, you can be a good listener by making comments. When people are angry, they usually want to be heard and understood. What they don`t want in return in critism, patronizing comment, denial of their feelings or attacks on their position or personality.One of the reasons why some university are not well in good listener is because they do not listen. Listening skills start with paying attention. Not interested to hear other people problems. People who just keep on blabbing or practice take listening are thinking I’m smarter then you and I know what you`re g oing to tell me, so let make this really efficient for both of them. I won`t have to listen and we can get to really important part of the conversation, that`s why some student are become a bad listener. â€Å"This study aimed to assess whether effective listening was associated with leadership emergence in a small group situation.Findings showed that these two attributes where positively related suggesting that emergent leaders may possess good listening skills† (Johnson S. D. and Belcher C. ). Why soft skill is so importance. The soft skills are importance for the university student is easy to understand the subject. A student must develop specific generic skills like reading, writing, speaking, listening and presentation positive attitude, etiquette and manners. They must learn to manage themselves understand their strengths and weakness. With the soft skill student and tutor are close and easy to communicate and take an explanation.Many fields are becoming ever increasing ly competitive. Clearing a job interview requires much more then academic and an impressive resume. Many a times we come across people who fail to make to the top in spite processing the best of technical knowledge. Soft skill are shaping human being`s personality. The people who are good in soft skills like a role model to the colleagues. They were like to share and close to this person. Soft skills are qualities like making a friend easily, being punctual or being able to both hard. Reduce gap between tutor and student.A tutor helping students to improves their soft skills. Soft skills in that sense are just technical skills. We need to practice them to keep them sharp. Demonstrate effective classroom leadership skills, communicate professionally with student and provide opportunities’ for them to improve in areas they work. It truly is a win-win for both tutor and student. Soft skill can make them to be leaderships. Being equipped with leadership skills allow you to be gro omed for bigger roles in times to come. In the present role, you could be seen as an employee with potential and be given more importance task to perform. There is persuasive evidence that cooperative teams achieve at higher levels of thought and retain information longer than students who work quietly as individuals. The shared learning gives students an opportunity to engage in discussion, take responsibility for their own learning, and thus become critical thinkers† (Totten, Sills, Digby, & Russ, 1991). Why some university students are not well equipped in soft skill. Why communication skills are not well equipped in soft skill is because some of students write well, but they are not able to express themselves orally.They are not confidence on communication in English and very limited vocabulary. While conversing in English with someone give importance to the massage and do not be occupied with grammatical accuracy. If they are much worried about grammar and pronunciations errors, they will not develop fluency kill the language without fear. Some people are comfortable speaking among themselves and do not compare with other people. No one was born with all the language skills required for effective communication. They must confident and trust themselves that they can do it. This is in fact the first and foremost primary step to being good communicator.Given here are some of the barriers that occur in communicating effectively. Understanding these barriers will help one comprehend examples of communicating skills. Some are having problems with their body language and difficult to maintain eye contact whenever you are in conversation with someone, keep the majority of your focus on the other person. If have a difficulty knowing exactly how to make eye contact, you can benefit from practicing in front of the mirror or with other person. But if eye contact and body language is been your bad habit to share intently into the eyes of people without looking a way.You have been making your conversation partners very uncomfortable. The fact is that one needs to constantly work towards developing effective communication skills. And primarily they need to overcome the barriers to effective communication. And this can be done when they are aware of the barriers and shortcomings. Critical thinking skills give students the ability to not only understand what they have read or been shown but also to build upon that knowledge without incremental guidance. Critical thinking teaches students that knowledge is fluid and builds upon itself.It is not simply rote memorization or the ability to absorb lessons unquestioningly. Critical thinking is thinking that assesses itself. To the extent that students need us to tell them how well they are doing, they are not thinking critically. Didactic instruction makes students overly dependent on the tutor. Because of the importance of self-assessment to critical thinking, it is important to bring it into the st ructural design of the course and not just leave it to episodic tactics. Virtually every day, for example, students should be giving (to other students) and receiving (from other students) feedback on the quality of their work.They should be regularly using intellectual standards in an explicit way. This should be designed into instruction as a regular feature of it. Why team working skill also not equipped in university is because conversations can be misconstrued and others in a team may slack off more than expected. Some leave things to the last minute and don't make proper use of team members when not meeting face to face. Explain their own ideas. All the group members agree on what needs to be done and by whom and able to give their own ideas by sharing with the team member.The problem will solve by helping from group discussion. Some people don’t have internet at home so can’t communicate very well when have to do assignments. Some students do not wish to coopera te and not everyone has an internet connection of the same speed and the same level of access making it not so desirable for use or collaboration on what it seems to be designed for. Teamwork is defined in Webster's New World Dictionary as â€Å"a joint action by a group of people, in which each person subordinates his or her individual interests and opinions to the unity and efficiency of the group. This does not mean that the individual is no longer important; however, it does mean that effective and efficient teamwork goes beyond individual accomplishments. The most effective teamwork is produced when all the individuals involved harmonize their contributions and work towards a common goal. Express their feeling. Good team member also have a sense of humour and know how to have fun. Listen carefully to others. There is a time and a time to listen and the time to listen come twice as often find us so concerned about what they here to say.While providing and requesting feedback is vital to team success, most avoid doing so because it feels uncomfortable or embarrassing. However, successful companies capitalize on the opportunity to examine those contributions that will make the team more effective, by creating a culture of conversation. Why some university students are not well with the teamwork skill is because some of the student is not confident by themselves and some of student impresses their self-negative feedback without being too offended to continue.Also some of the attitude of student is poor, and there are not professional in applying soft skills in their life as a student. Suggestion. I suggest that for future graduates, and government bodies is to improve their teaching about soft skills. Opinion expressed by the student indicate that the team project helps to improves their communication and negotiation skills among the student to developed soft skills based on formal and informal activities at the university level. And their also have to activ e in the seminar and conference to make the soft skills is more effective.Tutor also should show their soft skills to the student to be role model to them. I also like to purpose for university and others were most impressed by the ability of our graduates to adapt themselves to any work situation, their ability to communicate clearly, their ability to solve problems, to work in groups and to contribute effectively and meaningfully to their work situations. In addition to the knowledge gained by students in their course of study, equally important is the University’s role in producing innovators.Those with whom we consulted spoke of the greater opportunities afforded to students who have opportunities to participate in research. A connection needs to be made between work experiences, appropriate work behaviour, and student learning. Work-based learning offers young people meaningful hands-on learning opportunities by connecting classroom learning with work experience. This ki nd of learning opportunity can help a young person make better career decisions, select more appropriate courses of study, and develop job skills relevant to future employment.Conclusion. A carefully designed and well planned education system is critical to developing such human capital. Thus, institutions of higher learning play a very important role in producing human capital that is highly knowledgeable and skilful and can meet the demands and expectations of society. The teaching and learning processes in institutions of higher learning must be capable in providing such knowledge and skills to future graduates. Most university students spend half of their academic life living in university residences on campus.As such, institutions of higher learning should use this golden opportunity to develop their soft skills. And we must do all these things in collaboration with government, the community, other institutions and the world at large. The University must continue to pursue new partnerships to ensure that our students have the exposure and opportunities they need to succeed. Reference. Johnson S. D. and Belcher C. , Small Group Research, 29 (4), Pages 452-471, August 1998, IDS 108DU, ISSN 1046-4964 Shah, N. Z. (2007).Final year students’ perceptions on their critical thinking strategies and the importance of these strategies in future employment. Retrieved September 23, 2009, from http://h08. cgpublisher. com/proposals/65/index_html Totten, S. , Sills, T. , Digby, A. , & Russ, P. (1991). Cooperative learning: A guide to research. New York: Garland. Zemke R, Raines C, Filipcak B. Generations at Work: Managing the Clash of Veterans, Boomers, Xers, and Nexters in your Workplace. New York: AMACOM, 2000. http://www. ndt-ed. org/TeachingResources/ClassroomTips/Teamwork. htm

Nursing and Reflective Practice Essay

â€Å"Reflection is not just a thoughtful practice, but a learning experience†. (Jarvis 1992) This is a reflection on an incident that occurred during a shift on the labour ward. I have chosen Gibbs model of reflection (1988) to guide my reflective process. (Gibbs 1998) (Appendix I). Gibbs model (1998) goes through six important points to aid the reflective process, including description of incident, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and finally action plan. The advantage of Gibbs’s six-stage model is that it allows you to learn from experiences and make changes for your future practice. Description The incident involves the administration of a wrong opiate drug to a postnatal patient. The incident occurred whilst checking and administering a controlled drug. The drug error was discovered by the co-ordinator at the end of the day shift. During the daily checking of the controlled drugs, the co-ordinator and another midwife, found a discrepancy with the number of Diamorphine 10mg and Morphine 10mg ampoules, there being one too many Morphine 10mg ampoules and one too few of the Diamorphine 10mg ampoules. Myself, as the midwife checking the drug, along with the midwife who administered the Diamorphine to her patient, were the only midwives to have administered a controlled drug on the shift. The drugs were correct on the previous daily check. Feelings On being informed of the error my initial feelings were of disbelief and horror. I was confused; two midwives had checked the drug and neither of us noted the mistake. I felt very upset and embarrassed that I had made this mistake, since qualifying as a midwife I have never made such an error. When the error was highlighted I instantly remembered checking Diamorphine and mixing the drug with 2mls of water for injections, I remembered talking to the other midwife concerned about personal affairs. I felt ashamed that I had allowed myself be distracted during such an important task. I was very angry that I had allowed myself to become complacent about drug administration. The Code States that midwives shall, â€Å"provide a high standard of practice and care at all times†, (NMC 2008), I felt that I had not only failed the patient but the profession too. I started to worry about the potential effects to the patient concerned. The Standards for Medicine Management, (NMC 2010), states â€Å" as a registrant, if you make an error you must take any action to prevent any potential harm to the patient†. The patient had suffered no real harm as a result of the dug error and she was recovering well post-operatively. Evaluation The main advantage regarding this incident is that the patient concerned came to no serious harm. Personally, I feel that I have learnt from the experience, thus enhancing my clinical practice. Gladstone (1995) agrees that planning problem solving strategies and accepting responsibility is found to lead to positive changes. This incident has highlighted the need for vigilance at all times. I have changed my practice to avoid drug errors occurring in the future, I am aware not to be complacent with drug administration. I will never let this or any other incident occur due to lack of concentration again in my practice. Analysis Drug administration is one of the highest risk areas of nursing practice and a matter of considerable concern for both managers and practitioners (Gladstone 1995). Consequently, detailed and comprehensive procedures and standards exist, thus ensuring safe, legal and effective practice, for example of the Medicines Act (1968) and NMC’s Guidelines for the Administration of Medicines (2007). The Consumer Protection Act 1987 and Medicines Act 1968 require that to administer medication, the practitioner has to ensure that the right medication is given, to the right patient, at the right time, in the right form of the drug, at the right dose and right route. Nursing & Midwifery Council’s Code of Professional Conduct (2004) emphasises the administration of medication is an area of concern for public safety, and generally follow the principles laid down by law. The NMC also publish the appropriate guidelines for nurses on the administration of medicines (NMC 2004). The Standards for Medicine Management (NMC 2010) states that I am â€Å"accountable for your actions and omissions†. This incident has highlighted the need for vigilance at all times. Rule 7 of the Midwives Rules and Standards (NMC2004), states that â€Å"A practising midwife shall only supply and administer those medicines, including analgesics, in respect of which she has received appropriate training as to us, dosage and method of administration†. Although the local policy and procedures were followed, it seems that unintentionally the incorrect drug was administered. As a registered midwife I am up to date with all training, I have never before in my practice made a drug error. Research studies demonstrate that many drug errors within clinical practice occur as a result of distractions on the ward, illegible writing or because nurses failed to check the patient’s name-band (Gladstone 1996). The incident discussed demonstrates how easily practitioners can become distracted when checking and administrating drugs. With regard to reporting drug errors, (Webster and Anderson 2002) found that several areas of concern emerged, including nurses’ confusion regarding the definition of drug errors and the appropriate actions to take when they occurred. Nurses also reported their fear of disciplinary action and the loss of their clinical confidence. The Guidelines for the Administration of Medicine by the Nursing and Midwifery Council advises that an open culture exists in order to encourage the immediate reporting of errors or incidents in the administration of medicines. It also advises that nurses who have been made the subject of local disciplinary action, has discouraged the reporting of incidents which is detrimental to patients. Furthermore, all errors and incidents have a thorough investigation at local level, taking into account the full context of the circumstances, which requires sensitivity (NMC 2004). To learn from our mistakes, Williams (1996) believes we first need to acknowledge that we have made them. As mistakes in a professional capacity do happen, these mistakes need to be used as a learning experience to reflect upon and to therefore avoid them from happening again. Conclusion As discussed previously, the administration of medicines is a vital part of the midwives role. Drug error is costly in terms of increased hospital stay, resources consumed and patient harm (Webster and Anderson 2002). A study by Kapborg (1999) showed that the most common errors among nurses were administration of the wrong drug and levels of drugs administered exceeding the prescribed ones. Action Plan From my experiences of the incident, I have learnt a valuable lesson. I no longer allow myself to be distracted from other members of staff, patients or relatives when I am in the process of administering medication. During this time I only have discussions with the patient to whom which I am given them their medication. I realise the seriousness of my error and I have since read literature to educate myself, the important of not repeating the same mistake again. My reflective practice has encompassed critical analysis of my self-awareness. Through this process, I have been able to learn from my mistake. The drug error incident has been a learning curve and I now feel that I have improved my practice and became a better midwife, thus improving patient care. REFERENCE LIST Alderman, C. (1999). The drug error nightmare. Nursing Standard. Vol.11(25) pp.24-25. Atkins S., Murphy K. (1993). Reflection: a review of the literature. Journal of Advanced Nursing. Vol.18. pp.1188-1192. Armitage, G. and Knapman, H. (2003). Adverse events in drug administration. Journal of Nurse Management. Vol.11(2). pp.130-140. Benner, P. (1982). From novice to expert. American Journal of Nursing. Vol.82. pp. 402-407. Boud, D., Keogh, R. and Walker, D. (1985). Reflection: Turning Experience into Learning. London: Kegan Press. Clarke, M. (1994). Action and reflection: practice and theory in nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing. Vol.11. pp.3-11. Department of Health. (2004). Building a Safer NHS for Patients: Improving Medication Safety. London: Department of Health. Dzik-Jurasz, D. (2001). A development programme for nurses. Nursing Times. Vol. 97. pp. 14. Gibbs, G. (1988). Learning by doing: A guide to teaching and learning methods. Further Education Unit, Oxford: Oxford Polytechnic. Goff, A. (1995). Reflective practice – what is it? A Literature review. British Journal of Nursing. Vol. 11. pp.24-29. Gladstone, J. (1995). Drug administration errors: a study into factors underlying the occurrence and reporting of drug errors in a district general hospital. Journal of Advanced Nursing. Vol. 22. pp. 628-37. Gladstone, J. (1996). Discipline fears mean drug errors are going unreported. Nursing Standard. Vol.10(2) pp. 4-10. Griffith, R. (2003). Administration of medicines part 1: the law and nursing. Nursing Standard. Vol.18(2) pp.47-54. Hainsworth, T. (2004). Improving medication safety. Nursing Times. Vol.100. p.7. Hibberd, J.M. and Norris, J. (1992). Striving for safety; experiences of nurses in a hospi tal under siege. Journal of Advanced Nursing. Vol.17. pp.487-495. James, C. and Clarke, B. (1994). Reflection practice and nursing: issues and implications for nurses today. Nurse Education Today. Vol 14. pp.82-90. Jarvis, P. (1992). Reflective practice and nursing. Nurse Education Today. Vol.12. pp174.181. Jasper, M. (2003). Beginning reflective practice: foundation in nursing and health care. Nelson Thornes: Cheltenham. Johns, C. (1995). Framing learning through reflection within Carper’s fundamental ways of knowing in nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing Vol. 22 pp. 226-234. Kapborg, I. (1999) The nurse’s role in drug handling within municipal health and medical care. Journal of Advanced Nursing. Vol.30 p.950. Mayne, W., Jooton, D., Young, B., Marland, G., Harris, M., Lyttle, C.P. (2004) Enabling students to develop confidence in basic clinical skills. Nursing Times. Vol. 100(24) pp. 36-39. McNulty, L. (1999). Time to learn lessons from drug errors. Nursing Standard . Vol. 13(16) pp. 6-12. Newell, R. (1992). Anxiety, accuracy and reflection: the limits of professional development. Journal of Advanced Nursing. Vol.17. pp. 1326-1333 Newell, R. (1994). Reflective practice: an art and science. Nurse Education Today. Vol. 14 pp. 79-81. Nursing and Midwifery Council. (2004). Code of Professional Conduct. London: NMC. Nursing and Midwifery Council. (2004). Guidelines for the administration of medicines. London: NMC. Oborne, C.A., Burgess, V., Cavell, G., Colwill, S., Williams, R. (2002). Annonymous reporting of drug-related errors: application of a modified secondary care model in a community pharmacy setting. The Pharmaceutical Journal. Vol.268. pp. 101-103. O’Shea, E. (1999). Factors contributing to medical errors – a literature review. Journal of Clinical Nursing. Vol.8 p.496. Royal College of Nursing. (2006). Majority of drug errors made by nurses. Nursing Standard. Vol.20(30) p.10. Shephard, M. (2002). Medicines. Nursing Times. Vol. 98(16). pp.45-48. Smith, A. (2005). Reflective practice: a meaningful task for students. Nursing Standard. Vol.19(26) pp.33-37. Sprengel, A. (2004). Reducing Student Anxiety by Using Clinical Peer Mentoring With Beginning Nursing Students. Nurse Education Today. Vol.29(6) pp.246-250. Webster, C. S. and Anderson, D. J. (2002). A practical guide to the implementation of an effective incident reporting scheme to reduce medication error on the hospital ward. International Journal of Nursing Practice. Vol.8 p.176. White, C. (2000). Dummy run. Nursing Times Vol. 96(13) pp. 28-30. Wilkinson, J. (1996). Definiti on of reflective practice. (17th Edition). Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone.

Organization and religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organization and religion - Essay Example ligion have been the result of an effective organization/or ineffective management.1 Naturally, one cannot blame organization and cohesion upon all the different branches of religion that exist; however, understanding the role that organization plays in defining and effectively constraining the responses and approaches of believers goes a very long way in helping the individual to understand the powerful and dynamic role that organization has within religion. A secondary way through which organization can be seen as having a powerful impact upon religion is with regards to doctrine. For instance, considering the case of Islam, core doctrines stipulate the attitudes and behavior that proper Muslims should exhibit to one another and to the outside world. In a matter speaking, the organizational constraints that are oftentimes adopted by religious organizations have to do with the risen or canonical laws that are the result of a particular holy book, relics, or prophecy. In such a way, these written approaches oftentimes are uniquely similar to the way in which a business entity operates under a set of guidelines and standard operating procedures. Without these procedures and guidelines, the business would not have a grounding or anchor with respect to the way in which to engage and understand the situations that present themselves within the day-to-day interactions that take place. Similarly, without a level of doctrine and written belief that creates a distinct aspects of cohesion within the believing communities, religious organizations would lack the same qualities that have been previously described with respect to the business world. From the information that is thus far been engaged, it is clear and apparent that organization plays a prominent and extraordinarily important role with respect to the way in which religious conviction and practice is carried out.2 Although this has only been analyzed with respect to the major world religions of Islam and

Argument papper draft #2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Argument papper draft #2 - Essay Example However, United Nations in 2000 asserts that there is variety in the average marital age difference across different cultures. For instance, in some African societies, the average difference in terms of age between married partners is three times that in most Western countries, revolving around 10 years in most cases. Moreover, 10 years appears to be the maximum acceptable difference on average for a romantic partner, particularly for women. This is because differences beyond 10 years are not seen as normative by most societies. Another way to explain men and women’s partner age preferences is to think of heterosexual relationships in social exchange terms. Social exchange theory proposes that how we feel about a given social interaction or relationship fundamentally depends upon the costs to be incurred and benefit associated with it. Basically, when rewards are more than the costs to be incurred in a relationship, we tend to feel good about it and will in most cases stay in it and vice versa. Conversely, an older man providing his resources for a young, attractive woman can be seen as a social exchange where he provides shelter, food, and security in exchange for sex with her bringing about an opportunity to procreate. Such an arrangement is likely to be seen as a favorable because it me ets important needs for both partners. Another explanation for men and women’s partner age preferences is by considering the social role theory which argues that the traditional division of labor between the sexes has resulted in women assuming the social role of providing domestic labor and men fulfilling the social role of providing. Thus leading women to look for financially stable men who are mostly older and men looking for younger women who look productive and attractive. The tendency for women to marry older men so as to have them provide for them is changing as more women are in the labor force as